Moderna kriptografija je osnova svih kriptovaluta te je dobro znati barem neke osnove. Kriptografija je matematički zahtjevna te ne treba ulaziti previše u dubinu, stoga ćemo ovdje samo zagrepsti ispod površine kripta u kriptovalutama.

Hash

Hash je rezultat funkcije koja s obzirom na nekakve ulazne vrijednosti pokušava dati unikatni izlazni rezultat. Hash funkcija će dati hash jednake duljine bez obzira na veličinu ulaznih podataka.

“A” => “1q2w3e4r5t”
“Rečenica o slovu A” => “9q8w7e6r5t”

Rezultat (hash) je nemoguće vratiti, tj. saznati iz hash-a koji su bili ulazni podaci. Samim time hash nam omogućava da bez znanja ulaznih podataka provjerimo da li je korisnik npr. upisao dobru šifru. 

Hash funkcije su jako rasprostranjene u informatičkim sustavima i vrlo su korisne. Često služe kao unikatni identifikatori. U stvarnosti su jako slični otiscima prstiju. Na primjer, kod blizanaca, kod kojih su otisci prstiju dosta slični, čak i najmanja promjena u DNK rezultirati će različitim otiscima prstiju.

Simetrična enkripcija

Simetrična enkripcija nema preveliku upotrebu u informatičkim sustavima, pa tako niti u blockchain tehnologijama, ali je nešto na što većina ljudi pomisli kada se kaže kriptografija.

Simetrična enkripcija radi na principu ključa s kojim se informacija zaključa te naknadno otključa.

Najpoznatiji primjer je vjerojatno Cezarova enkripcija – kada se abeceda pomakne za određeni broj mjesta. Npr. ajmo reći da je ključ 2, onda će “A” postati “D”, a “B” će postati “E”, itd. 

Pošto je kod takve enkripcije potrebno poslati i ključ primatelju, jasno je da u dinamičnom informacijskom svijetu, ovakva enkripcija krajne nepraktična te se koristi iznimno rijetko.

Asimetrična enkripcija

Postoji više vrsta asimetričnih enkripcija (po pitanju samog principa rada), ali za potrebe ovog članka pogledat ćemo samo najpoznatiju vrstu, RSA enkripciju.

Kod RSA enkripcije svaka strana ima 2 ključa – jedan javni ključ (public key) i jedan privatni ključ (private key). Javni ključ smiju svi vidjeti i on je sposoban enkriptirati informaciju. Privatni ključ ne smije nitko vidjeti i samo on može otključati informaciju zaključanu javnim ključem.

D.P.
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